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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 29 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the institutional ethical standards and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All animal procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital (Approval No. SXYYDW2024-091).

: The maximal tumor size permitted by the ethics committee was 2.0 cm in diameter, and this threshold was not exceeded in any experimental animal. Tumor burden was monitored throughout the study, and humane endpoints were strictly followed.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Not applicable.

: This study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the institutional ethical standards and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. All procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital. We declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this manuscript. All authors have disclosed any potential financial or personal relationships that could be perceived as influencing the research presented in this work.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study adhered to ARRIVE guidelines, ensuring humane and ethical treatment of animals. Procedures were approved by the institutional animal care committee, prioritizing minimal pain and distress in compliance with national and international animal welfare standards.