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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects (2014-004-01). All experiments involving human tissue samples were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The animal experiments were carried outf Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects (2014-004-01). All experiments involving human tissue samples were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The animal experiments were carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. All animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee and conducted in compliance with animal welfare regulations. The experimental design, animal selection, procedures, and data analysis were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of the ARRIVE guidelines to ensure transparency and reproducibility of the results.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all human tissue donors (or their legal guardians) prior to sample collection.

: In accordance with the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, the maximum permissible tumor volume in experimental animals was limited to 2,000 mm³. All tumor-bearing animals used in this study were monitored closely, and the tumor volume in all experiments did not exceed the approved maximum limit.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or personal details).

: The authors declare no competing interests.