Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The dataset used is publicly available on Kaggle and contains anonymized data. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.

: This study did not involve human participants. Therefore, consent to participate was not required.

: All authors have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in Discover Oncology . This research does not involve any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos); therefore, no specific consent to publish is required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.