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Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

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: Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of 964th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force (IACUC approval number 2022826), and all procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional and national guidelines. The maximal tumor size permitted by the ethics committee was 1800 mm³. We confirm that the tumor burden in all animals remained below this limit throughout the study.The use of human tissue specimens in this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the 964th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force (Approval No.: CYXRMYYEC20230001). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent for tissue collection and use in research was obtained by the Department of Tissue Repository of the 964th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force.Informed consent for the use of human tissue specimens was obtained by the Department of Tissue Repository at the 964th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, in accordance with institutional ethical regulations (IRB approval number SJC0616B).

: All authors have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.