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Article History

Received: 6 April 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This research is based on data extracted from the SEER database. Since the patient information available in the SEER database is de-identified and anonymized, no ethical consent or institutional review board (IRB) approval was required for this study, in compliance with relevant regulations and guidelines. This study utilizes anonymized data from the SEER database. Patient information is anonymized to protect privacy, and consent for the use of their data in research is implied through the established protocols of the SEER program, in accordance with ethical standards and data use agreements.

: Jiayi Ding, Luojie Liu, and Ye Ye disclosed no conflict of interest for this article.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.