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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (Approval No. AF/02-06.01-07). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants or, for minors, from their legal guardians prior to their inclusion in the study.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication in Discover Oncology . The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data, images, or clinical details.

: The authors declare no competing interests.