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Authors
Chen, Yunpeng
Dai, Xiaohong
Zhang, Peng
Yao, Lijuan
Wang, Qing
Qin, Zhihong
Gao, Tianmin
Zhang, Junguo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chongqing medical scientific research project (2022QNXM024)
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was based entirely on publicly available summary statistics from previously conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS). All the original studies had obtained ethical approval from their respective institutional review boards, and participants had provided written informed consent. Since no new individual-level data or personal identifiers were collected or processed in this analysis, additional ethical approval was not required for this Mendelian randomization study. Because this work used aggregated, de-identified GWAS summary data, no new recruitment of human participants took place. Therefore, informed consent to participate does not apply to this study.
: The manuscript does not include any information that could identify an individual participant.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
