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Article History

Received: 7 December 2024

Accepted: 17 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Sensitive information such as the patient’s name, the medical record number and ID number for this research were anonymized to protect patients’ privacy. The Medical Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital Ethics Committee approved this research before it initiated, approval number was SDTHEC-20120306. All patients from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital gave written informed consent. Since the SEER dataset utilized publicly available desensitized data, this study did not need approval from the ethics committees or informed consent from patients.

: The patients from the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital cohorts provided written informed consent for the publication of their anonymized data. For the analysis of the SEER database, which comprises publicly available, de-identified data, individual patient consent for publication was not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.