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Authors
Xu, Guoshuai
Li, Wenqiang
Yao, Nan
Han, Fuzhou
Yu, Guoyong
Qu, Jun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Fund of Aerospace Center Hospital (YN202505, YN202505, YN202505, YN202505, YN202505)
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Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized de-identified, publicly available data from the U.S. National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (2010–2020). In accordance with applicable regulations and institutional policy, analyses of de-identified public-use data do not constitute human subjects research; therefore, Institutional Review Board review and informed consent were not required. Access to the SEER dataset was obtained following execution of the SEER Research Data Use Agreement, and all conditions of the agreement were strictly observed. Written confirmation of data access is provided in Supplementary File 1.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
