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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The UK Biobank study received ethical approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 11/NW/0382). All participants provided written informed consent at recruitment. Our research team obtained access to the UK Biobank data through an approved application (Application Number 170605). According to the UK Biobank governance framework, once access is granted, researchers are permitted to analyze the anonymized dataset under the original ethical approval. Therefore, although the authors’ institutional affiliations are in China, the ethical oversight of this study is appropriately covered by the UK Biobank’s ethics approval, and no additional local approval was required. This study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for reporting observational cohort studies. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the UK Biobank study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.