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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Tumor tissue microarrays of CRC patients were obtained from Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University. All the samples and follow-up data acquisition were under the approval of Human Ethics Committee of Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (Approval Number: No.KY2023K207). Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines. Tumor xenograft studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and animal experiments were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee. (No. TMU2024119). The maximal tumor size burden (20% in any dimension or 10% of body weight) was not exceeded, which was permitted by the ethics committee. All the tumor size in animals is less than 500 mm³, which generally does not cause pain, weight loss, or physiological distress in mice.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.