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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Accepted: 17 November 2025

First Online: 22 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilized publicly available datasets from TCGA and GEO. All original data collection procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the respective institutions and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approvals for TCGA-CESC and GSE52903 datasets were obtained by original study contributors through their local Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). As this is a secondary analysis of de-identified data, no additional ethical approval was required for the present study. All data presented in this manuscript are derived from publicly accessible databases (TCGA and GEO). The original studies secured publication consent from participants during initial data collection. This manuscript contains no individual-level data, images, or case details requiring additional consent for publication.

: Informed consent for participation in the original studies was obtained by the primary data generators (TCGA and GEO contributors). All datasets employed in this work are fully anonymized and contain no personally identifiable information. Therefore, renewed consent for participation was not applicable to this retrospective analysis.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Microarray data for external validation were downloaded from the NCBI GEO database: .Accession number: GSE52903.

: PANoptosis-associated genes were retrieved from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB): .including the following gene sets: REACTOME_PYROPTOSIS, HALLMARK_APOPTOSIS, KEGG_APOPTOSIS, REACTOME_APOPTOSIS, and KEGG_NECROPTOSIS.All data used in this study are publicly accessible from the above repositories. Additional processed data or analysis scripts are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information were obtained from the GDC Data Portal: .Project accession: TCGA-CESC.