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Authors
Li, Gao
Zhao, Yaqian
Wang, Mengtong
Fan, Hailang
Chen, Yuanhao
Zhang, Haikun
Zhao, Yu
Zhang, Feifan
Sun, Lanlan
Ma, Yina
Wei, Chenyang
Schrodi, Steven J.
Zhang, Dake
Zhang, Xin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (111 Project No. B13003)
Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 7222073)
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol for the use of adult undescended testis tissue samples was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, and ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University (2023-KE-352). For publicly available datasets, additional ethical approval was not required. All individual participants included in the study provided informed written consent prior to the procedure. For publicly available datasets, consent to participate was not applicable.
: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the Figures in this study. For publicly available datasets, consent to publish was not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
