Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 19 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Plastic Surgery Hospital (Institute) of Union Medical University, Beijing (Approval No. 2016-093). The maximum permitted tumor burden was 2000 mm³ or a tumor diameter of 1.5 cm in any direction, or earlier if animals showed signs of distress, ulceration, or impaired mobility. Tumor growth was closely monitored throughout the study. In a small subset of animals, tumor volume marginally exceeded the permitted limit due to unexpectedly rapid tumor progression during the final observation window. These cases were promptly identified, and animals were humanely euthanized immediately upon detection in accordance with IACUC-approved humane endpoint criteria. All methods were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and regulations. Not applicable (no human participants involved).

: Not applicable (no human participants involved).

: The authors declare no competing interests.