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Article History

Received: 13 March 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were performed in compliance with a protocol approved by the Animal Care Committee of Nanjing Medical University. According to the ethical guidelines of our institution concerning animal research, the maximum allowable tumor diameter for mouse subcutaneous tumor models is set at 20 mm. Throughout the animal experiments, the maximum tumor diameter was not exceeded. The animal experiments were conducted following the ethical standards set by both institutional and national research committees, as well as adhering to the principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions. This research was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines for reporting on animal studies.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.