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Authors
Shueng, Pei-Wei
Ting, Wen-Chien
Chang, Chi-Chang
Chang, Wen-Wei
Tseng, Yi-Ju
Chang, Chin-Fang
Chen, Gin-Den
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (CSH-2022-D-010)
Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (CSH-2022-D-010)
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Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 4 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the research ethics committee of The Institutional Review Board Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (CSMUH No. CS2-21150) and the Institutional Review Board of Jen-Ai Hospital (IRB protocol no. 111 − 28). Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Written consent was provided by each participant, including both breast cancer patients and healthy controls, prior to their enrollment, ensuring they were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks. All personal identifiers were removed from the data to maintain confidentiality.
: The participants provided their written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data and findings from this study. No identifiable individual data or images are included in the manuscript, ensuring participant privacy is preserved.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
