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Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by our institutional review board (Review of Ethics Committee in Clinical Research of the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital), acceptance number: KS24478. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: For the data obtained from the SEER database, informed consent was not required as it is a publicly available de-identified database. For the patient data from our institutional cohort, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee in Clinical Research of the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital due to the retrospective nature of this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors state that they have no competing interests.