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Authors
Yang, Yifan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-5147
Wang, Lingwa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-5439
Wang, Ru https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-4533
Li, Haiyang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-4085
Zhu, Siyu https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3295-2236
Fang, Jugao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-1195
Feng, Ling https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6533-4795
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7244308)
Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme (QML20230206)
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized exclusively publicly available, de-identified data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). All original data sources obtained necessary ethical approval and participant consent as per their respective institutional guidelines. Therefore, separate ethical approval for this specific secondary analysis was not required.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in the original TCGA and HPA studies. As this research involves the analysis of pre-existing, anonymized data from these public databases, separate consent to participate in this specific study is not applicable.
: The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
