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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 7 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The ethics committee of Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University approved this work, and it was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki (No. YCN-0020–14 J). The study protocol received approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University (YCNA-0134-JK1). In accordance with the ethical review standards of our Institutional Review Board (IRB) and ‌RECIST 1.1 criteria‌, the following limits apply to this study: Single Lesion‌ has a maximum diameter ≤ ‌20 mm‌ (measured bidimensionally by caliper or imaging), Multi-Lesion Assessment‌ must not exceed ‌10% of the animal’s total body weight‌, and Animals will be euthanized if tumor diameter reaches 18 mm or if signs of distress (e.g., weight loss > 20%, ulceration, or mobility impairment) are observed, with the tumor burden of the experimental animals involved in this study confirmed to not exceed the maximum tumor burden allowed by the guidelines. Additionally, euthanasia was performed via 5% isoflurane overdose followed by cervical dislocation, in accordance with standard protocols where anesthesia was administered using isoflurane inhalation prior to invasive procedures, and euthanasia could also involve cervical dislocation or CO 2 asphyxiation to meet AVMA guidelines for humane endpoints. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs.

: The protocol was approved by ethics committee of Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (No. YCN-0020–14 J).

: The authors declare no competing interests.