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Authors
Alshmrani, Abdullah Shoaib
Alotaibi, Fahad M.
Alfakeeh, Ahmed S.
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Article History
Received: 8 September 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: Not required. This research involved secondary analysis of publicly available, fully de-identified dermoscopic images from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2019 Skin Lesion Classification Challenge dataset ( ). Not applicable. The study used only de-identified, publicly accessible data; no participants were contacted or recruited.
: Not applicable. No individual-identifying images or personal details are presented. Data were obtained from the ISIC 2019 dataset, which is released for research under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
