Document is current

Article History

Received: 1 June 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All publicly available datasets used in this study (TCGA-GBM, GEO datasets, IMvigor210 cohort, GWAS summary statistics from MRC IEU OpenGWAS and EGA, GTEx eQTL data, Human Protein Atlas) were accessed and analyzed in accordance with their respective data use agreements, publication policies, and ethical approvals. These datasets were originally collected with appropriate informed consent and ethics committee approval by the primary data generators:TCGA-GBM: The Cancer Genome Atlas project received approval from institutional review boards at all participating centers, and all patients provided written informed consent for broad data sharing and publication.GEO datasets: Gene Expression Omnibus datasets were collected under approved protocols with patient consent as documented in the original publications.IMvigor210: Atezolizumab trial data were collected under approved protocol with patient consent [ ] and are available under Creative Commons 4.0 license.GWAS data: Genome-wide association study summary statistics were accessed through appropriate data access agreements with MRC IEU OpenGWAS database and European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).As this study involved secondary analysis of de-identified publicly available data for these components, no additional ethics approval was required according to institutional policies and applicable regulations (45 CFR 46.104(d)(4) for U.S. institutions, or equivalent).All patient data were de-identified and analyzed anonymously. Patient confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the study in compliance with HIPAA regulations (for U.S.-based institutions) or equivalent data protection regulations. Informed consent was obtained by the original data generators from all participants at the time of sample collection, as documented in the primary publications and data repository policies. All participants in TCGA, GEO datasets, IMvigor210, and GWAS studies provided written informed consent according to their respective institutional protocols. This secondary analysis study did not involve direct participant contact or new data collection. No individual patient data, identifiable information, images, or case details that could compromise patient anonymity are included in this manuscript. All results are presented as aggregated or anonymized data in full compliance with data use policies and patient consent agreements.

: Consent for publication of de-identified data was obtained by the original data generators from all participants in the source datasets. The data use agreements and licenses for TCGA (NIH Genomic Data Commons), GEO (NCBI), IMvigor210 (Creative Commons 4.0), and other public repositories explicitly permit publication of aggregated, de-identified results in scientific journals.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.