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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study analyzed publicly available, de-identified data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Rectum Adenocarcinoma (READ) cohort. All TCGA data are anonymized, and no direct patient contact, intervention, or re-identification attempt was performed. Because the study used secondary analysis of de-identified public data, institutional review board (IRB) approval and informed consent were not required. All analyses were conducted in accordance with applicable guidelines and regulations for the use of public genomic and clinical datasets, and adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as well as best practices for data privacy and research integrity.

: Not applicable. This study used de-identified, publicly available data and involved no participant recruitment or direct interaction.

: All authors have agreed to the publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.