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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. Not applicable. This study is based exclusively on the analysis of publicly available data retrieved from online databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Glioma Longitudinal Analysis Consortium (GLASS), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), Tumor Immunotherapy Gene Expression Resource (TIGER), and The Human Protein Atlas (HPA). No human or animal experiments were conducted by the authors.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.