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Article History

Received: 30 December 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 5 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. All data used in this study were retrieved from publicly available databases (Gene Expression Omnibus [GEO] and The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA]), which have been de-identified and comply with relevant ethical guidelines. No direct human or animal subjects were involved in this study, so formal ethical approval, informed consent to participate, and consent to publish are not required.

: All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.