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Authors
Ma, Xiaoting
Ou, Kai
Yang, Wenwei
Cao, Biyang
Chen, Jie
Wang, Qi
Gao, Lizhen
Yang, Lin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2022-I2M-C&T-B-066)
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by Departments of Ethics Committee, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study design included retrospective and prospective phases. In the retrospective portion, the requirement for individual patient consent was waived by Departments of Ethics Committee, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College given the use of existing anonymized clinical data. For patients enrolled prospectively, written informed consent for participation was obtained in accordance with ethical guidelines. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
