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Authors
Cai, Zemin
Zhang, Xiao
Zou, Xiaonong
Wan, Xia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
State Key Laboratory Special Fund (2060204)
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2023-I2M-2-001)
Strengthen Capacity of Study and Application on the Burden of Disease in Health Care Systems in China: Establishment and Development of Chinese Burden of Disease Research and Dissemination Center (15-208)
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval from the INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences was obtained [ ]. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for case-control studies. Retrospective information collected was limited to smoking exposure only, and oral informed consent for this study was obtained.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
