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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 22 March 2026

Declarations

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: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital (Approval No. CYFYLL2023316). All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. For the in vivo animal study, all procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chengde Medical University (Approval No. CYFYLL2025008). Efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and reduce the number of animals used. The maximum tumor volume permitted by the Ethics Committee shall not exceed 2000 mm 3 . In this study, the tumor volume of all experimental animals did not exceed this limit. The study involved human subjects, and all personal identifiers were removed from the data before analysis to ensure confidentiality and privacy. The study did not involve any vulnerable populations, and all participants were treated with respect and dignity throughout the research process. The authors confirm that they have followed all relevant data privacy laws and regulations in the conduct of this research. The study did not involve any form of discrimination or bias against any individual or group. The results presented are an honest and accurate representation of the research conducted, and all potential conflicts of interest have been declared and managed appropriately.

: The authors declare no competing interests.