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Article History

Received: 26 July 2025

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All experiments with ESCC tissues were approved by the Yancheng Third People’s Hospital Ethics Committee ([2024] LSY No. 131), and written informed consent was provided by each patient in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All animal experiments were approved by the Care and Use Committee and the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Chengxi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (CX052207031). Each mouse tumour size did not exceed 1500 mm 3 , and a tumour burden that did not exceed 10% of body weight was permitted by the ethics committee. In our study, the maximum mouse tumour volume was no more than 1500 mm 3 , and the tumour burden was < 10% of the body weight. Humane endpoints were predefined: tumour ulceration, bleeding, or invasion of adjacent tissues; severe lethargy; reduced mobility; inability to access food/water; and body weight loss > 20% relative to initial weight. This study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.