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Authors
Zhu, Yuxuan
Du, Qin
Ma, Yiyang
Xu, Nanxin
Luo, Yuhang
Liu, Di
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Province (2022SF-496)
The Funds of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University for Scientists (No.RC(GG201807))
The Funds of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (No.YJ(ZYTS)2019012/No.2020YJ(ZYTS)226)
The Xinrui Cancer Research Support Program (cphcf-2022-231)
The Medical Research Developing Funds (KM228009)
The Beijing Ronghe Medical Development Foundation (2025HXKT064)
The China Health & MedicalDevelopment Foundation (2025HXKT068)
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 27 April 2026
First Online: 16 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (approval number: 2025-lunshen-068). It retrospectively collected 446 mammographic images of breast cancer patients from the same hospital. Only existing clinical data were used: no patients were contacted, no specimens were taken, and no personal information was disclosed. The risk was judged to be no more than minimal, and the Committee waived the requirement for informed consent without compromising patient rights or welfare. Since all data were de-identified and retrospectively analyzed, informed consent was not required, as confirmed by the Ethics Committee. The data-collection protocol was reviewed and certified to comply fully with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. All public databases used are publicly accessible. Informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified clinical data. For data obtained from public databases (TCGA and GEO), informed consent was obtained from participants in the original studies, in accordance with their respective institutional review board approvals and data access policies.
: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to its submission for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
