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Authors
Wang, Yaru
Miao, Miao
Wang, Qingqing
Yin, Yuying
Zhao, Haijuan
Zhao, Shuang
Yang, Han
Xiao, Ting
Wang, Xin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82504178)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81172035)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (BJ-2023-088)
National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF0705004)
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of the approving ethics committee. Archived, anonymized residual tumor tissue samples collected during routine clinical care were used. This study utilized previously published data with prior ethical approval and informed consent [14], as well as publicly available datasets that are de-identified and open-access [15]. In addition, archived residual tumor tissue samples collected during routine clinical care were included. Where applicable, informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
