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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: This study involving human tissues was approved by the Ethics Committee of Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Approval No. 2024-31), ensuring that all procedures strictly adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Approval No. 2024-31). According to the Guidelines for Ethical Review of Welfare of Chinese Experimental Animals and the requirements of the Ethics Committee of Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the weight of the tumor should not exceed 10% of the normal body weight, and the diameter of the tumor on the body surface of adult mice should not exceed 20 mm in any direction. This animal experiment was terminated by ethical approval when the committee confirmed that the maximum tumor size/burden was not exceeded.

Consent to participate: All patients who participated in this study signed informed consent before surgery for the use of their specimens and disease information for future research. For patients with impaired decision-making capacity, consent was obtained from legally authorized representatives in accordance with approved surrogate consent procedures. For participants under 18 years of age, informed consent was obtained from their parent or legal guardian, and assent was obtained from the participants whenever appropriate.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.