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Article History

Received: 18 January 2026

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 27 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Experimental procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Ethics Approval Number: PJ-Sci-2024-1994). All animal experiments were conducted in strict compliance with institutional guidelines and relevant international standards, including the Basel Declaration. The maximal permitted tumor burden (≤ 1.5 cm in any dimension) was not exceeded in any experimental animal. All procedures adhered to institutional animal welfare regulations. For human-related data, no new human participants or clinical samples were directly involved in this study. All analyses were performed using publicly available datasets (TCGA and GEO), for which ethical approval and informed consent had already been obtained by the original investigators. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Not applicable. This study did not involve direct participation of human subjects. All data were obtained from publicly available databases with prior informed consent obtained by the original data contributors.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.