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Article History

Received: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 5 June 2026

First Online: 23 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Tissues from clinical NSCLC and corresponding normal tissues nearby were collected from patients at Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, following the participants' written informed consent and obtaining ethical clearance from the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All experiments involving clinical tissue samples were performed in strict adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki. All animal experimental protocols were formally approved by the ethics committee of Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and strictly complied with the regulation and guidelines. Informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from all the participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.