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Authors
Hou, Dingkun
Kang, Lijuan
Wang, Lili
Li, Hongzheng
Wang, Kaibin
Huang, Wei
Li, Changying
Wang, Haitao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Youth Scientific Research Fund of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (No: 2023ydey04)
Youth Scientific Research Fund of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (No: 2022ydey10)
Urology Talents Training Program of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (No: MNRC202309)
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project (No:TJYXZDXK-3-003A)
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2026
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 13 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (approval number: KY2026K009). All animal procedures were performed in accordance with China’s National Standards for Laboratory Animal Welfare (GB/T 35892 − 2018) and the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0. Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images, or videos).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
