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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 10 July 2026

First Online: 16 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study involves the analysis of publicly available human data and animal experiments. Ethical review and approval were waived for the human data analysis in this study, as the data were retrieved from the publicly available TCGA database ( ). All animal experiments were performed in strict compliance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The protocols were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Medical Experiment Center, Inner Mongolia Medical University (Approval No. YKD202504170). Informed consent was obtained by the TCGA program investigators from all human participants prior to data collection and public release. As our study exclusively utilized these pre-existing, de-identified, and publicly accessible datasets, the requirement for direct patient consent to participate was not applicable to the current study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data (such as personal details, images, or videos) that would require explicit consent for publication.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.