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Article History

Received: 28 December 2025

Accepted: 22 July 2026

First Online: 29 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. All transcriptomic datasets (TCGA-COAD, GSE39582, GSE161277) were from public repositories (TCGA, GEO), which had been approved by the ethical review committees of the original study institutions. De-identified patient data was publicly accessible, and informed consent was obtained from all original participants. No additional ethical approval was required for this retrospective bioinformatics analysis. All participants in the original studies corresponding to the public datasets (TCGA-COAD, GSE39582, GSE161277) provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion. This study used de-identified public data, and no direct contact with participants was involved, so additional consent to participate was not required.

Consent for publication: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants in the original studies of the public datasets (TCGA-COAD, GSE39582, GSE161277). Since this study only used de-identified public data without disclosing any personal identifying information, no additional consent to publish was needed.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.