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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 7 October 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

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: All authors consent to participate in this review paper and to publish it. The declaration of conficlts of interest are as follows:Nico H.J. Pijls, received institutional research grants from Abbott, has consulting relationships with and receives fees from Coroventis and Hexacath, has equity in ASML, General Electric, HeartFlow, and Philips, is member of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of Heartflow, and has patents pending in the field of the coronary microcirculation and aortic valve stenosis Tetsuya Amano received lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis Pharma, Daiichi, Sankyo, and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd. Thabo Mahendiran is supported by a grant from the Swiss national science foundation (SNSF) Thomas R. Keeble has received honoraria and institutional research funding from Abbott Vascular, Medtronic, Terumo, Zoll and Shockwave; consulting fees from BD; and speaker fees from Cardionovum, Abbott Vascular and Astra Zeneca. TRK is on the steering group for the ORBITA-2 trial and on the committee for National Institute for Health and Care Research Invention for Innovation (i4i), British Cardiovascular Intervention Society and Resuscitation Council (UK). Peter Damman reports grants from Philips, Abbott and AstraZeneca and consulting fees from Philips WF Fearon has received institutional research support from Abbott, Cathworks, and Medtronic; has a consulting relationship with Shockwave and Edwards Lifesciences; and has stock options with HeartFlow. Takuya Mizukami has received research grants from Boston Scientific, and speaker fees from Abbott Vascular, Cathworks, and Boston Scientific. Pim Tonino received institutional research grants from Haemonetics and Biosensors, lecture fees from Medtronic and Abbott, and has a patent pending in the field of aortic valve physiology Bernard De Bruyne has consulting relationships with Boston Scientific, Abbott Vascular and Coroventis; research grants from Coroventis Research, Pie Medical Imaging, CathWorks, Boston Scientific, Siemens, HeartFlow, and Abbott Vascular; and owns equity in Siemens, GE Healthcare, Philips, HeartFlow, Edwards Lifesciences, Bayer, Sanofi, and Celyad. Takashi Akasaka is a medical advisor of Terumo Corporation and has received research grants from the Japan Research Foundation for Healthy Aging and consulting fees and honoraria from Abbott Japan, Daiichi-Sankyo Pharmaceutical Company and Nipro Corporation Hitoshi Matsuo received lecture fees from Abbott Japan, Philips, Boston Scientific, Zeon Medical, Amgen, and Cathworks. Danielle C.J. Keulards, Tsunekazu Kakuta, Hirohiko Ando, Nobuhiro Tanaka, Toya Takumi, Pim A.L. Tonino and Fernando Alfonso have nothing to disclose.

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