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Article History

Received: 22 January 2026

Revised: 24 May 2026

Accepted: 3 June 2026

First Online: 15 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The present study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and its recent modifications. All participants or their legal representatives gave written informed consent to research and the local Ethics Committees approved the study protocols (University of Würzburg reference number: 05/20-am, registry number: DRKS00022064; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg reference number: 2021 − 101).

: MO gave scientific advice for Fujirebio, Roche, Biogen, and Axon. KGH reports speaker´s honoraria, consulting fees, lecture honoraria and/or study grants from Abbott, Alexion, Amarin, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Edwards Lifesciences, Medronic, Novartis, Pfizer, Portola, Premier Research, Sanofi, SUN Pharma, and W.L. Gore and Associates. PUH reports grants from German Ministry of Research and Education, German Research Foundation, European Union, Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) within the Innovationfond, German Cancer Aid, Bavarian State, Robert Koch Institute, German Heart Foundation, University Hospital Heidelberg (within Registry of Acute Stroke Under Novel Oral Anticoagulants [RASUNOA]-prime, supported by an unrestricted research grant to the University Hospital Heidelberg from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo), all outside the submitted work. PO received research support from the ALS Association/ALS Finding A Cure (24-SGP-691, 23-PPG-674-2)), Charcot Foundation (D.7090), Cure Alzheimer´s Fund, DZNE Innovation-to-Application (I2A_call9_Oeckl), EU Horizon Europe (SYNAPSING), consulting fees from LifeArc and Fundamental Pharma, honoraria for lectures from GSK and travel support from Biogen. The other authors have nothing to declare.