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Climate Policy Uncertainty, Environmental Regulatory Arbitrage, and Internal Carbon Leakage in the European Union: Fourier ARDL and Causality Analyses

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-025-02690-0

Published Online: 2025-03-15

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Bildirici, Melike

Ersin, Özgür Ömer

Olasehinde-Williams, Godwin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-6146
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Istanbul Commerce University
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-03-15

Version of Record valid from 2025-03-15
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Article History

Received: 23 July 2024

Accepted: 26 February 2025

First Online: 15 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that no ethical standards were violated.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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