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Article History

Accepted: 13 December 2020

First Online: 11 January 2021

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All analyses were performed on secondary data, with the use of 12 distinct datasets from the <i>European Social Survey</i> () and the <i>European Values Survey</i> (). In light of the retrospective nature of the study, the authors rely on the information provided by the data collectors to infer that informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the studies. Overall, all survey data were collected with clear instructions and information for the respondents about their use.