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Authors
Smith, Madison Shea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-5725
Newcomb, Michael E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (F32DA057128)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5R01HD094081-04)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1U01HD108779-01)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1R03HD107126-01)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (5R01HD094081-04)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (1U01HD108779-01)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (1R03HD107126-01)
Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota (P2CHD041023)
Center for Undergraduate Research and Scholarship, Bowling Green State University (P2CHD050959)
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Article History
Accepted: 27 March 2025
First Online: 24 June 2025
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Northwestern University IRB for our use of NCHAT data (IRB No: STU00217911). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
