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Authors
Ebin Bondi, Melvin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-854X
Abdul Rahim, Syed Sharizman bin Syed
Avoi, Richard
Hayati, Mohd Firdaus bin Mohd
Hijazi, Mohd Hanafi bin Ahmad
Keanjoom, Romnalin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: This study was approved for publication by the General Director of Health Malaysia (Reference number : NIH-800-5/3/1/1 Jld 138 (15), and the Sabah State Health Department. Additional permissions were obtained from the directors of the participating hospitals. Informed consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest related to this study. The research was conducted independently, and no financial or personal relationships influenced the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or reporting of results.
