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Article History

Received: 9 October 2025

Revised: 8 February 2026

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: The study involved sensory evaluation of iron-fortified Taftaan and in vivo animal bioavailability testing. The sensory evaluation was conducted with untrained adult panelists following standard protocols for food product testing. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and their feedback was collected anonymously. No personal or sensitive data were recorded, and participants retained the right to withdraw at any stage. Based on institutional and national regulations, the sensory study was exempt from formal ethics committee approval. The animal experiment was conducted at the Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Lahore. All animal procedures were carried out in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by the PCSIR Animal Ethics Committee (Approval No. LLC/TXL/TM (1–6), dated 02-04-2025). This ensures that both the sensory and animal studies complied with ethical standards and research integrity requirements.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.