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Article History

Received: 2 April 2025

Accepted: 15 October 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Declarations

:

: No conflict of interest.

: I approve my consent for publication.

: This study primarily presents a theoretical framework and a mathematical model for inventory management. Most parameters in the model are hypothetical, used for illustration and numerical experiments. Some variables were taken from secondary sources (published literature and standard references), which are properly cited. No proprietary or confidential data were used. As the study does not involve large-scale or primary datasets, accessibility or permission issues do not arise. All secondary data are publicly available in the cited references, and the numerical values were generated by the author to demonstrate the model. Grammarly was used for language improvement, Origin for graphing, and Mathematica 11 for mathematical computations.