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Article History

Received: 9 January 2025

Accepted: 10 November 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: This study did not involve human or animal participants requiring formal ethical approval from a national research ethics board. The research adhered to ethical principles for household surveys and water sampling.

: Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

: The paper reflects the authors’ own research and analysis in the truthful and complete manner. All authors express their consent to publish.