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Authors
Philip, Theodore Reginald
Duraivel, Prem Kumar
Kareem, Altaff
Radha, Vijayaraj https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4170-1685
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Anusandhan National Research Foundation (EEQ/2023/000185)
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Article History
Received: 11 June 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflict of interest.
: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study as it complied with the regulations of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India (2021). Additionally, the guidelines of the Indian National Science Academy were followed. Ethical approval by an Animal Welfare Committee is not required for studies involving Planktons. The Copepods and Microalgae used in this study were maintained in a separate laboratory facility under optimized conditions designed to mimic natural environments.
