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Authors
Singh, Kh. Jitenkumar
Khan, Md. Asif https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9633-9722
Kumar, Krishna
Alee, Nongzaimayum Tawfeeq
Sharma, Saurabh
Yadav, Jeetendra
Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur
Mukherjee, Reema
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2024
Accepted: 6 May 2025
First Online: 28 June 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is based on secondary data from the Indian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), specifically the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21), conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. The NFHS received ethical clearance from the ICF International Review Board (IRB). Prior to participation, respondents provided written informed consent after being fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the survey. All interviews were conducted only after obtaining proper consent.
: The dataset (NFHS-5) used in this study is publicly available in anonymized form through the DHS Program’s website () and does not include any identifiable personal information. No experiments or direct interaction with human or animal subjects were involved. Hence, institutional ethical approval was not required for this study.
: Not applicable.
