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Article History
Received: 1 June 2025
Accepted: 12 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: This research utilized a publicly available dataset from the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2016 on heart sound classification. The dataset is fully anonymized and does not contain any identifiable personal information. No new experiments involving human participants or animals were performed by the authors. Accordingly, ethics approval was not required for this study.
