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Authors
Ito, Misaki https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4516-7370
Kojima, Ikuho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-8245
Iikubo, Masahiro
Onodera, Shu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5761-6434
Sai, Masahiro
Fujisawa, Masaki
Kato, Toshiki
Nakamura, Masaaki
Zuguchi, Masayuki
Chida, Koichi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0913-2777
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20K10109)
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Article History
Received: 3 August 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry (Approval No. 39430).
Consent to participate: The requirement for individual patient informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and the use of anonymized data, with study details disclosed to the public through an opt-out procedure in accordance with institutional guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all observers who participated in the image assessment.
Consent for publication: Study information was disclosed to the public through an opt-out document, in accordance with institutional guidelines, and individual consent was therefore not obtained from each participant.
