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Authors
Zhao, Xuanhe https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1354-7675
Chen, Shannan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0077-3172
Monkam, Patrice https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3805-9457
Ju, Ronghui https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2319-8178
Zang, Peizhuo https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0881-3364
Li, Chao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0734-0011
Qi, Shouliang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-1939
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shenyang Science and Technology Bureau Public Health R&D Special Project (22-321-32-02)
Liaoning Province Applied Basic Research Program (2023JH2/101300062)
Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program (2023JH2/101700369)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N25BJD013)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This study was conducted using publicly available datasets from the ISLES 2015, 2017, and 2018 challenges. All datasets consist of fully anonymized patient data and were originally collected with appropriate institutional ethics approval and informed consent by the respective organizers. The current study did not involve any new data collection or interaction with human subjects. Therefore, additional ethical approval was not required.
